GLASS MANUFACTURING PROCESS

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Glass Manufacturing Process

Glass may be defined, physically, as a rigid, under cooled liquid having no definite melting point and a sufficiently high viscosity to prevent crystallization; and chemically, as the union of the non-volatile inorganic oxides resulting from the decomposition and fusion of alkali and alkaline earth compounds, sands and other glass constituents, ending in a product with random atomic structure.
Glass is a hard material normally fragile and transparent common in our daily life. It is composed mainly of sand (silicates, SiO2) and an alkali.

Three common types of glass
·         Soda-lime glass - 95% of all glass, windows containers etc.
·         Lead glass - contains lead oxide to improve refractive index
·         Borosilicate - contains Boron oxide, known as Pyrex. 
History of glass
     
  Archaeological findings indicate that glass was first made in the Middle East, sometime in the 3000's B.C. In the beginning glass manufacturing was slow and costly. Glass melting furnaces were very small and hardly produced enough heat to melt glass properly. In ancient times, glass was a luxury item and few people could afford it.

Batch Plant

Commercially produced glass can be classified as soda-lime, lead, fused silica, borosilicate, or 96 percent silica. Soda-lime glass, since it constitutes 77 percent of total glass production, is discussed here. Soda-lime glass consists of sand, limestone, soda ash, and cullet (broken glass).
 The Manufacture of such glass is in four phases:
1.      Preparation of raw material.
2.      Melting in a furnace.
3.      Forming.
4.      Finishing.

The products of this industry are container glass, and pressed and blown glass. Procedures for manufacturing glass are the same for all products except forming and finishing. Container glass and pressed and blown glass, 51 and 25 percent respectively of total soda-lime glass Production, use pressing, blowing or pressing and blowing to form the desired product. Flat glass, which is the remainder, is formed by float, drawing, or rolling processes.
Raw Materials:
  • Sand(SiO2)……………………60%
  • Limestone(CaCO3)………. 15%
  • Soda Ash(Na2CO3)………….. 20%
  • Alumina-Silicate................4%
  • Salt Cake………………………. 0.9%
  • Minor Ingredients………… 0.1%
  • Cullets (Scrap of glass).
Ghanni Glass Limited Hattar



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