CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PAKISTAN

Chiller As explained earlier that Propane is used as the refrigerant in chiller. Gasses from the gas/gas and gas/liquid enter into the chiller where they are passed through the tubes while propane is on shell side. Excessive drop in temperature occurs here causing heavier hydrocarbons to condense out as propane after exchanging heat vaporizes. MYCOM Compressor After cooling raw gas in chiller, vaporize propane from suction scrubber enters into the MYCOM compressor, which is reciprocating economized screw compressor. The suction pressure remains around 50 KPa and discharge pressure is around 55/56 KPa, which is controlled by pressure control valve (PCV). With gaseous propane lube oil also enters into the vaporize propane which act as a lubricant as well as coolant. This mixture enters into the refrigerant/oil separator, in which lube oil is separated from gaseous propane. After this propane enters into the propane accumulator and then into the FIN fan condenser. Fan Con...

Introduction of Oleum  The Cyanamid oleum plant specially designed for the manufacturing of H2SO4 of 98.5% to 99.55% strength and H 2 S 2 O 7 which is 100% sulphuric acid containing 20% of dissolved SO3 which is equivalent to 105% concentration. R aw material The raw materials used are as under: SULPHUR………………………………4 S/TONS per day H2SO4……………………….10 M/TONS for initial start up D-MIN water feed…………… 3000 g/day approx Catalyst……………………….20 drums to fill convertor Plant capacity The plant was designed to produce 10 m/tons of 100% H 2 SO 4 per 24 hours as 99% H 2 SO 4 . Production procedure The oleum plant consists of a store for sulfur with means of wighing and trolly support slufting from store to plant. A melting sulphur pit with fetter a pump to pressurize the molten sulphur and feed to the the atomizing burner a furnace for combustion. The air for combustion is supplied by a blower. It is dried to avoid the subsequent condensation of moisture in a s...

Glass Manufacturing Process Glass may be defined, physically, as a rigid, under cooled liquid having no definite melting point and a sufficiently high viscosity  to prevent crystallization; and chemically, as the union of the non-volatile inorganic oxides resulting from the decomposition and fusion of alkali and alkaline earth compounds, sands and other glass constituents, ending in a product with random atomic structure. Glass is a hard material normally fragile and transparent common in our daily life. It is composed mainly of sand (silicates, SiO2) and an alkali. Three common types of glass ·          Soda-lime glass - 95% of all glass, windows containers etc. ·          Lead glass - contains lead oxide to improve refractive index ·          Borosilicate - contains Boron oxide, known as Pyrex.  History of glass   ...

What is Corrosion   Physio-chemical interaction between a metal and its environment which results in changes in the properties of the metal and which may often lead to impairment of the function of the metal, the environment, or the technical system of which these form a part. Corrosion Science and Corrosion Engineering Since corrosion involves chemical change, the student must be familiar with principles of chemistry in order to understand corrosion reactions. Because   corrosion processes are mostly electrochemical, an understanding of electrochemistry is also important. Furthermore, since structure and composition of a metal often determine corrosion behavior, the student should be familiar with the fundamentals of physical metallurgy as well. The corrosion engineer , on the other hand, applies scientific knowledge to control corrosion. For example, the corrosion engineer uses cathodic protection on a large scale to prevent corrosion of buried pipelines, tests ...

QUARRY   The raw material from quarry is brought by dumpers.The main raw material used in cement industry are 1)Slate 2)laterite 3)limestone The quarry is open pit type. First of all primary mining is done by 1)       Explosive 2)       T.N.T 3)       Urea If the size is greater than 1m^3 than secondary mining is done by drilling. MAIN CRUSHER   The type of crusher used in cherat cement factory is rotary impact type crusher. The crusher has two rotors 1)Primary rotor and 2) secondary rotor. Primary rotor has 6 beaters and its speed is 1987 r.p.m. The motor which runs it is a medium voltage motor. Its crushing size is 60-70 mm and is run in a range of 20-25 amp. 2) The crushing size of secondary rotor is 20-35 mm. It has 18 beaters and its speed is 1492 rpm. Main crusher hopper capacity is 70 ton and overall crushing capacity is 450 ton/hr. DEDUSTING UNIT   Th...

Drying of solid means the removal of relatively small amount of water or other liquid from the solid material to reduce the content of residual liquid to an acceptably low value. Drying is usually the final step in the series of the operations and the product from the dryer is often ready for the final packaging. Drying is a relative term and means merely that there is reduction in liquid contents from an initial value to some acceptable final value. In the majority of processing industries, drying is carried out for one or more of the following reasons:   To reduce the cost of transport. To make the material more suitable for handling for example soap, powders, dye stuffs and fertilizers. To provide the definite properties such as maintaining the free flowing nature of salt. To remove the moisture which may otherwise lead to corrosion, e.g., the drying of coal gas o  benzene prior to chlorination. CLASSIFICATION OF DRYERS There is no simple way of classifying d...